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Title
Japanese: 
English:Saccadic undershooting in gaze generation for virtual characters 
Author
Japanese: LIAN Ruoting, 三武 裕玄, 長谷川 晶一.  
English: Ruoting Lian, Hironori Mitake, Shoichi Hasegawa.  
Language English 
Journal/Book name
Japanese: 
English:Frontiers in Virtual Reality 
Volume, Number, Page Volume 7       
Published date Apr. 10, 2026 
Publisher
Japanese: 
English: 
Conference name
Japanese: 
English: 
Conference site
Japanese: 
English: 
DOI https://doi.org/10.3389/frvir.2026.1806316
Abstract Saccades are the primary eye movements used to shift gaze and play an important role in generating realistic gaze behavior for virtual characters. While many gaze generation studies focus on high-level attention or target selection, finer characteristics of human eye movements–such as saccadic undershooting–have received relatively little attention. In this paper, we propose a psychologically plausible gaze generation model that explicitly incorporates saccadic undershooting to produce more human-like gaze behavior. The model parameters were derived from eye-tracking data collected in a VR environment and integrated into a gaze generation framework for virtual characters. Quantitative evaluation using leave-one-participant-out cross-validation shows that the proposed model reproduces the undershooting patterns observed in human data and achieves lower absolute errors compared with a representative existing model and a random baseline. A subjective user study further indicates that participants can perceive differences between gaze behaviors generated by the models. Although no significant differences were found in median ratings of human-likeness, roboticness, or head–eye coordination, the bimodal rating patterns suggest that subtle variations in gaze behavior may influence users’ perceptions of virtual characters.

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