We have investigated the electronic and magnetic properties of Co-doped Pr 0.8 Ca 0.2 MnO 3 thin films using various spectroscopic techniques. X-ray absorption and hard x-ray photoemission spectroscopy revealed that the substituted Co ions are in the divalent state, resulting in hole doping on the Mn atoms. Studies of element-selective magnetic properties by x-ray magnetic circular dichroism found a large orbital magnetic moment for the Co ions. These spectroscopic studies reveal that the substituted Co ions play several roles of hole doping for Mn, ferromagnetic superexchange coupling between the Co 2+ and Mn 4+ ions, and orbital magnetism of the Co 2+ ions. Competition among these complex interactions produces the unique electronic and magnetic behaviors including enhanced coercivity of the Co-doped Pr 0.8 Ca 0.2 MnO 3 .
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