Local translation in neuronal dendrites is an important basis for long-term synaptic plasticity, and RNA granules in the dendrites areinvolved in the local translation. Here, we identify RNG105 (RNA granule protein 105), a novel RNA-binding protein, as a component ofthe RNA granules in dendrites of hippocampal neurons. The RNG105-localizing RNA granules contain mRNAs, the translational productsof which play key roles in synaptic plasticity. RNG105 has an ability to repress translation both in vitro and in vivo, consistent with thefinding that the RNA granule is translationally arrested in the basal conditions. Dissociation of RNG105 from the RNA granules is inducedby BDNF, a growth factor responsible for synaptic plasticity. The RNG105 dissociation is coincident with the induction of local translationnear the granules. These findings suggest that RNG105 is a translational repressor in the RNA granules and provide insight into the linkbetween RNG105 dynamics and local translational regulation.