In recent years, more and more applications use ad-hoc networks for local M2M communications, but in some cases such as when using WSNs, the software processing delay induced by packets relaying may not be negligible. In this paper, we planned and carried out a delay measurement experiment using Raspberry Pi Zero W. The results demonstrated that, in low-energy ad-hoc networks, processing delay of the application is always too large to ignore; it is at least ten times greater than the kernel routing and corresponds to 30% of the transmission delay. Furthermore, if the task is CPU-intensive, such as packet encryption, the processing delay can be greater than the transmission delay and its behavior is represented by a simple linear model. Our findings indicate that the key factor for achieving QoS in ad-hoc networks is an appropriate node-to-node load balancing that takes into account the CPU performance and the amount of traffic passing through each node.
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