As the push to reduce air pollutants and carbon dioxide for global warming continues, there is increasing interest in the development and deployment of battery electric vehicles for heavy-duty applications as one of the critical
and challenging steps of a broader effort to fully electrify the transportation sector. This study evaluated and
quantified the energy consumption rates and energy regeneration rates for three heavy-duty battery electric
vehicles (a step van, a yard tractor, and a class 8 truck) using driving cycle tests with a heavy-duty vehicle chassis
dynamometer. Information in this area is currently very limited, and yet it is critical to understanding how
effective heavy-duty battery electric vehicles will be for a wide range of applications as the electrification of the
heavy-duty vehicle market continues to expand. Energy consumption rates ranged from 0.37 and 2.71 kWh/km
for most vehicle/cycle combinations. On a diesel liter energy-equivalent basis, the heavy-duty vehicles had
approximately 3 to 6 times better energy consumption rates compared to comparable diesel vehicles, with weight
normalized energy consumption rates also comparing favorably to the current and future greenhouse gas/fuel
economy standards for equivalent diesel vehicles. Based on battery capacities ranging from 80 to 215 kWh, the
vehicle ranges varied from 38.18 km to 171.2 km, with ranges of 115.9 km to 171.2 km for most types of driving
and lower ranges of 38.18 to 42.20 km for sustained grade cycles. Overall, the advantage of improved energy
consumption rates coupled with improvements that can be expected for battery technology and vehicle range,
provide promise for expanded use of heavy-duty vehicles going into the future.
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